References for "Dickens, Boys Town or Purgatory : Are Institutions a Place to Call Home?"

By Victor Groza, Daniela F. Ileana, and Ivor Irwin

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Footnotes

Stephenson, P. A., Anghelescu, C., Bobe, N., Ciomartan, T., Gaistenau, M., Fumarel, S., Goldis, C., Georgescu, A., Ionescu, M., Iorgulescu, D., Lupu, R., McCreery, R., McKay, S., Manescu, V., Mihai, B., Moldovanu, F., Moldovan, Z., Morosam, I., Nanu, R., Nicolau, A., Palikari, G., Pascu, C., Popa, S., Popescu, P., Raican, A., Stanescu, A., Stativa, E., & Stoica, M. (1994). The causes of childrens' institutionalization in Romania. Child Care Health and Development, 20(2), 77-88.

2 UNICEF. (1997). Children at risk in Central and Eastern Europe: Perils and promises. Florence, Italy: United Nations Children's Fund, International Child Development Centre.

3 Romanian Monitor News, August 7, 1997.

4 See also Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

5 Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

6 Sloutsky. V. M. (1997). Institutional care and developmental outcomes of 6- and 7-year old children: A contextualist perspective. International Journal of Behavior Development, 20(1), 131-151.

7 Harrison, L, Rubeiz, G., & Kochubey, A. (1996). Lapsele Oma Kodu (bringing abandoned children home): A project from Tallinn, Estonia to reunite institutionalized children with families. Scandanavian Journal of Social Welfare, 5, 35-44.

8 Hetherington, M. E., & Park, R. D. (1986). Child psychology: A contemporary viewpoint. New York: McGraw-Hill.

9 Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. World Health Organization Monograph No. 2. Geneva: WHO.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J.(1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge, London: A Tavistock Professional Book.

Frank, D. A., Klass, P. E., Earls, F., & Eisenberg, L. (1996). Infants and young children in orphanages: One view from pediatrics and child psychiatry. Pediatrics, 47(4), 569-578.

Freud, A., & Burlingham, D. T. (1944). Infants without families. New York: International University Press.

Goldfarb, W. (1943b). Effects of early institutional care on adolescent personality. Journal of Experimental Education, 12, 106-129.

Goldfarb, W. (1955). Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A re-evaluation. In P. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of childhood (pp. 105-119). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Provence, S. A., & Lipton, R. C. (1962). Infants in institutions. New York: International Universities Press.

Spitz, R. A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53-74.

Tizard, B., & Joseph, A. (1970). Cognitive development of young children in residential care: The study of children aged 24 months. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 177-186.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1974). A comparison of the effects of adoption, restoration to the natural mother, and continued institutionalization on the cognitive development of four year old children. Child Development, 45, 92-99.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975). The effect of early institutional rearing on the behaviour problems and affectional relationships of four-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 75, 61-73

Tizard, B., Hodges, J. (1977). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 99-118.

10 Chapin, H. D. (1911). The proper management of foundings and negleted infants. Medical Record, 79, 283-288.

Chapin, H.D. (1916). A scheme of state control for dependent infants. Medical Record, 84, 1081-1084.

Chapin, H. D. (1917). Systematized boarding out vs. institutional care for infants and young children. New York Medical Journal, 105, 1009-1011.

11 Gray, P. H. (1989). Henry Dwight Chapin: Pioneer in the study of institutionalized infants. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(1), 85-87.

12 Gray, P. H. (1989). Henry Dwight Chapin: Pioneer in the study of institutionalized infants. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 27(1), 85-87.

13 Chapin, H. D. (1917). Systematized boarding out vs. institutional care for infants and young children. New York Medical Journal, 105, 1009-1011.

14 Freud, A., & Burlingham, D. T. (1944). Infants without families. New York: International University Press.

Goldfarb, W. (1943b). Effects of early institutional care on adolescent personality. Journal of Experimental Education, 12, 106-129.

Goldfarb, W. (1955). Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A re-evaluation. In P. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of childhood (pp. 105-119). New York: Grune & Stratton.

Provence, S. A., & Lipton, R. C. (1962). Infants in institutions. New York: International Universities Press.

Spitz, R. A. (1945). Hospitalism: An inquiry into the genesis of psychiatric conditions in early childhood. Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 1, 53-74.

Tizard, B., & Joseph, A. (1970). Cognitive development of young children in residential care: The study of children aged 24 months. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 11, 177-186.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1974). A comparison of the effects of adoption, restoration to the natural mother, and continued institutionalization on the cognitive development of four year old children. Child Development, 45, 92-99.

Tizard, B., & Rees, J. (1975). The effect of early institutional rearing on the behaviour problems and affectional relationships of four-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 75, 61-73

Tizard, B., Hodges, J. (1977). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 99-118.

15 Goldfarb, W. (1955). Emotional and intellectual consequences of psychologic deprivation in infancy: A Re-evaluation. In P. Hoch & J. Zubin (Eds.), Psychopathology of Childhood (pp. 105-119). NY: Grune & Stratton.

16 Pringel, M. L., & Bossio, V. (1960). Early, prolonged separation and emotional adjustment. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37-48.

Wolkind, S. N. (1974). The components of "affectionless psychopathy" in institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 215-220.

17 Wolkind, S., & Rutter, M. (1973). Children who have been "in care" -- an epidemiological study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 14, 97-105.

Tizard, B., Hodges, J. (1977). The effect of early institutional rearing on the development of eight-year-old children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19, 99-118.

18 Koluchova, J. (1972). Severe deprivation in twins: A case study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 13, 107-114.

Koluchova, J. (1976). The further development of twins after severe and prolonged deprivation: A second report. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 17, 181-188.

19 Bowlby, J. (1951). Maternal care and mental health. World Health Organization Monograph No. 2. Geneva: WHO.

Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and loss: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J.(1973). Attachment and loss: Separation, anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge, London: A Tavistock Professional Book.

20 Ames, E. W., & Carter, M. (1992). Development of Romanian orphanage children adopted to Canada. Canadian Psychology, 33(2), 503.

21 Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

22 Bascom, B. B., McKelvey, C. A. (1997). The complete guide to foreign adoption: What to expect and how to prepare for your new child. New York: Pocket Books

23 McMullan, S. J., & Fisher, L. (1992). Developmental progress of Romanian orphanage children in Canada. Canadian Psychology, 33(2), 504.

24 Sweeney, J. K. & Bascom, B. B. (1995). Motor development and self-stimulatory movement in institutionalized Romanian children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 7, 124-132.

25 Ames, E. W., & Carter, M. (1992). Development of Romanian orphanage children adopted to Canada. Canadian Psychology, 33(2), 503.

26 Johnson, A., & Groze, V. (1993). The orphaned and institutionalized children of Romania. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Problems, 2(4), 49-52.

27 Wolkind, S. N. (1974). The components of "affectionless psychopathy" in institutionalized children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 15, 215-220.

28 Macovei, O. (1986). The medical and social problems of the handicapped in children's institutions in Iasi. Bucharest, Romania: Pediatrie -- Ed. Didactica si Ped, Institutul de Igiena si Sanatate Publica.

29 Johnson, D. E., Miller, L. C., Iverson, S., Thomas, W., Franchino, B., Dole, K., Kiernan, M. T., Georgieff, M. K., & Hostetter, M. K. (1992, December 23/30). The health of children adopted from Romania. Journal of the American Medical Association, 268(24), 3446-3451.

Johnson, D. E., Miller, L. C., Iverson, S., Thomas, W., Franchino, B., Dole, K., Kiernan, M. T., Georgieff, M. K., & Hostetter, M. K. (1993, April 28). The health of children adopted from Romania. Journal of the American Medical Association, 269(16): 2084-5.

30 Judy Siegel. (1990, February 9). Health Ministry Recommends Testing Adopted Romanian Children for AIDS. The Jerusalem Post.

31 Kaler, S. R., & Freeman, B. J. (1994). An analysis of environmental deprivation: Cognitive and social development in Romanian orphans. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines. 35(4), 769-81.

32 Sweeney, J. K. & Bascom, B. B. (1995). Motor development and self-stimulatory movement in institutionalized Romanian children. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 7, 124-132.

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